Reference
Free to readVolatility Cones FAQ & Glossary
Quick answers on realized vol, percentiles, RICH & CHEAP — each with a picture — plus the vocabulary, defined.
Frequently asked
What is a volatility cone?
A chart of the historical distribution of an underlying's realized volatility across several horizons, with today's implied vol dropped on top. It answers one question: versus its own past, are this asset's options expensive, cheap, or fair at each horizon?
Realized vs implied — what's the difference here?
Realized vol is what the underlying actually did — the annualized standard deviation of past returns. Implied vol is what options are pricing for the future. The cone is built from realized; the dot on top is implied (VolDex®). The gap between them is the edge.
What do RICH and CHEAP mean?
RICH = implied vol is above the 75th percentile of realized at that horizon (options expensive vs history; favor selling premium). CHEAP = below the 25th (options cheap; favor owning vol). In between is fairly priced. The percentile is the signal, not the raw vol number.
Why is the cone wide on the left and narrow on the right?
Short-horizon realized vol is jumpy — one gap swings the 7-day reading — so its historical range is wide. Long-horizon vol averages over many days, so its range is tight. Wide mouth, narrow tip: that convergence is the cone, and it's mean reversion drawn as a picture.
Which horizons does it use?
Seven fixed windows spanning roughly one week to one year of trading — from a 7-day horizon out to 252 days. Short windows capture event-driven vol; long windows capture the structural regime. Reading the short against the long is the realized-vol term structure.
Why overlapping windows?
To get enough observations to form a distribution. Sliding the window one day at a time yields T − h + 1 readings per horizon — the classic Burghardt–Lane construction. The cost is some serial dependence between overlapping readings, which is well understood and standard desk practice.
Is a CHEAP reading a buy signal?
It's an asymmetry, not a timer. CHEAP means almost no room down and the whole cone up — owning vol costs little with a large potential payoff. But cheap can stay cheap (2017). The cone keeps the asymmetry in front of you; it doesn't time the snap.
How is this different from one implied-vol number?
A single number tells you the level. The cone tells you the percentile — whether that level is high or low for this asset, at each horizon. 40% means nothing on its own; 40% at the 90th percentile means something.
Which underlyings are covered?
ETFs on the ETF Analytics tier; any optionable single stock on ETF + Equities. The full realized-vol history is available as a CSV export on the Everything tier.
How does it relate to the other Nations tools?
The cone reads implied against realized history. The VolDex® Term Structure reads implied across tenors. The Skew Deconstruction reads implied across strikes. Same implied vol, three lenses — over time, across strikes, and versus its own past.
Does the cone predict the future?
No. It describes where today's implied sits versus realized history and shows the asymmetry mean reversion implies. It is context for a decision, not a forecast of the next move.
Glossary
The annualized standard deviation of past daily returns over a window. What the asset actually did.
The volatility options are pricing for the future. Here, the Nations VolDex® at-the-money reading.
Realized-vol percentile bands plotted across horizons; widest at short horizons, narrowing at long ones.
Min, 25th, median, 75th, max of historical realized vol at each horizon.
Implied above the 75th percentile of realized — options expensive vs history.
Implied below the 25th percentile — options cheap vs history.
The length of the realized-vol window, from 7 to 252 trading days.
Sliding the estimation window one day at a time to maximize observations (T − h + 1).
Vol's tendency to return toward its median — the reason the cone narrows and RICH/CHEAP are actionable.
Nations' clean at-the-money implied-vol reading — the dot dropped on the cone.
Free reference. The tool and its data come with a plan — ETFs (ETF Analytics), single names (ETF + Equities), full history (Everything).
See plans →Educational content from Nations Indexes. VolDex® is a registered mark of Nations Indexes. Diagrams are schematic. Click any diagram to enlarge it. Nothing here is investment advice.